Hollow fiber membranes offer a compelling strategy for water treatment applications due to their unique physical characteristics and exceptional performance. These cylindrical structures, composed of polymer materials, possess a large surface area to volume ratio, enabling efficient separation of contaminants from water. The multilayered nature of

Membrane bioreactors (MABR) are novel technologies rapidly revolutionizing the landscape of wastewater treatment. Unlike conventional methods, MABR processes integrate a biological reactor with a membrane filtration module, offering enhanced efficiency. This combined approach delivers significant benefits such as higher removal rates of pollutants,